![]() Scope limited to X and gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles (electrons), neutrons, and charged nuclei. Ionizing Radiation: Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ion pairs by interaction with matter. In ionization the electron is removed, resulting in an ion pair (the newly freed electron(-) and the rest of the atom(+)) Excitation: Excitation transfers enough energy to an orbital electron to displace it further away from the nucleus. Mass number (protons + sneutrons) gives mass in terms of 1/12th mass of Carbon atom. ![]() Atomic number (number of protons) determines element. ![]() Same number of electrons as protons net charge = 0. Electrons(-) orbiting nucleus of protons(+) and neutrons.
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